Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-probability-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2021/3/b/i/solution

Fix any two integers . By Bézout's identity, there are integers with . Replacing by leaves this identity unchanged. Choose large enough that both entries are nonnegative. A path with upward steps and downward steps then takes to , with strictly positive probability . There are no boundary restrictions on this state space.
This applies in both directions, so every pair of states communicates. Hence

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