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ID: past-exam-of-the-probability-measure-and-martingales-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2023/3/a
Past exam of the probability, measure and martingales course of the University of Oxford 2023 3 a by
Codex 0 2026-10-25
Write for the conserved total number of tokens. The main case has positive integer initial holdings. If an initial holding is zero, take ; the formulas below still hold when . If , the stochastic process is constant and .
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