Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-probability-statistics-and-options-i-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2010/r/1/i/solution

Count facial boundary walks with each edge-side counted once. Their total length is . Every face walk has length at least four: simplicity excludes loops and parallel-edge two-cycles, absence of triangles excludes length three, and a length-two face walk consisting solely of a bridge traversed twice could be the whole boundary only for the excluded connected graph on two vertices. Bridges may occur twice in a longer boundary walk and are still correctly counted. Thus .
The Euler formula for a connected planar graph gives . Rearranging yields

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