Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-theoretical-physics-major-option-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2015/2/b/solution

The field term explicitly selects the positive direction. For the uniform minimizing state is , with no remaining continuous degeneracy of its orientation. Rotations about the axis still leave the Hamiltonian operator invariant, and the selected state respects that residual symmetry.
Tilting the magnetization now costs a field energy. Accordingly the transverse spin wave acquires a gap
as confirmed directly in d. The factor is present because the source couples the field as rather than . Gapless zero-field Goldstone modes need not survive an explicit symmetry-breaking field.

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