Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-year-1-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2023/discrete-mathematics-probability-and-continuous-mathematics/2/a/solution

Use strong induction with three consecutive base cases:
For , assume all values from through have the required representation. Since , write with nonnegative integers. Then is another such representation. Strong induction proves the claim for every . This is a consecutive-base induction for additive semigroups: the three base cases handle all residues before repeated addition of .

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