 Photoionization rate

For isotropic specific intensity $J_{\nu }$, absorption cross-section ${\sigma }_{\nu }$, and threshold frequency ${\nu }_0$, the photoionization rate per target atom isFor a directed incident flux, replace $4\pi J_{\nu }$ by its spectral flux density. The factor $h\nu$ converts energy flux into photon flux. This rate alone does not imply photoionization equilibrium.