The Pliocene is the younger Neogene epoch, approximately to million years ago.[ref]
International Chronostratigraphic Chart by International Commission on Stratigraphy (2026-06). Pliocene row
It is included in the long marine oxygen isotope ratio stack used to compare earlier ocean conditions with those of the Pleistocene. Aligning records makes their temporal patterns comparable; it does not turn one isotope measurement into a unique independent temperature measurement.[ref]A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic oxygen-isotope records by Lorraine E. Lisiecki and Maureen E. Raymo. Abstract and introduction: Pliocene coverage and climatic interpretation
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