 Small-angle instability of rotating convection rolls

For finite Prandtl number and stress-free boundaries, nearly parallel convection rolls can interact with a weakly damped large-scale Eulerian mean flow. The ordinary regular two-roll amplitude expansion becomes nonuniform as the angle tends to zero, so the mean-flow mode must be retained. This mechanism is not automatically the finite-angle Küppers–Lortz instability, and thresholds depend on the stated boundary and parameter regime.