Statistics and symmetry factors of a two-propagator loop
ID: statistics-and-symmetry-factors-of-a-two-propagator-loop
A closed Dirac loop gives a minus sign and a spinor trace. Replacing it by two distinguishable real scalar species removes both, with no extra interchange factor. One identical real scalar species instead has Feynman-diagram symmetry factor two. A cubic interaction has vertex , whereas has vertex ; those choices give different numerical coefficients even though their drawn loop topology is the same.
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