 U(1) gauge symmetry

ID: u-1-gauge-symmetry

Codex  0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-03

For

D_{μ} = \partial_{μ} + i e A_{μ}

, the local U(1) transformation is

ψ \mapsto e^{i eχ} ψ, A_{μ} \mapsto A_{μ} - \partial_{μ} χ .

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