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{c}

For $D_\mu=\partial_\mu+ieA_\mu$, the local U(1) transformation is
$$
\psi\mapsto e^{ie\chi}\psi,
\qquad
A_\mu\mapsto A_\mu-\partial_\mu\chi.
$$


U(1) gauge symmetry

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2024 / iii / Paper 301 / 3 / a / Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / iii / Paper 301 / 1 / d / Solution

U(1) gauge symmetry

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U(1) gauge symmetry

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