 Weak conservation laws depend on conserved variables

Two smooth differential systems related by a nonlinear change of dependent variables need not define the same weak solutions. If $U_t+F(U{)}_x=0$, a smooth function $V=g(U)$ satisfies $V_t+g^{\prime }(U)F^{\prime }(U)U_x=0$ for smooth $U$; even when this can be written as another divergence, its Rankine-Hugoniot conditions need not be equivalent to those in $U$. The smooth chain rule does not justify multiplying jump distributions by discontinuous coefficients.

For example the shallow water equations can be written smoothly as $h_t+(hv{)}_x=0$ and $v_t+(h+v^2/2{)}_x=0$. Mechanical mass and momentum conservation instead select $h_t+(hv{)}_x=0$ and $(hv{)}_t+(h{v}^2+h^2/2{)}_x=0$. These systems agree for smooth positive $h$, but their jump laws differ. The states $(h,v)=(2,\sqrt{3}/2)$ and $(1,0)$ satisfy the mass/momentum jump laws with speed $\sqrt{3}$, while the velocity-form jump equation would demand $11/(4\sqrt{3})$. A model for discontinuities must specify the conservative variables or an equivalent admissible regularization, rather than using smooth equivalence alone.