 Xiaoge Liu

Xiaoge Liu is the first-listed author of the 2014 study of band nonparabolicity and the optical properties of indium tin oxide. The Stanford laboratory's alumni record also identifies Liu as a former doctoral student.^[ref][ref]

The physical issue can be expressed through the Drude model relationwhere $n$ is carrier density and $m^{\ast }$ the relevant effective mass. If $m^{\ast }$ were fixed, doubling $n$ would double ${\omega }_p^2$. A density-dependent mass changes that prediction. Combining electrical and optical measurements can therefore test a band model rather than treating every shift in plasma frequency as a direct measure of carrier density alone.