Can be calculated efficiently with the Extended Euclidean algorithm.
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Modular exponentiation is a mathematical operation that computes the value of \( b^e \mod m \), where \( b \) is the base, \( e \) is the exponent, and \( m \) is the modulus. It is particularly useful in fields such as cryptography, number theory, and computer science, especially when working with large numbers, because it allows for efficient computation without having to compute the potentially enormous number \( b^e \) directly.