At , compute the complex derivative first along real increments and then along imaginary increments. Holomorphy givesEquating real and imaginary parts proves the Cauchy-Riemann equations:The partial derivatives exist because these directional difference quotients are limits of the holomorphic derivative. This argument proves the necessary equations; it does not claim that their pointwise existence alone is sufficient for holomorphy.
Take and the constant contraction mapping . For , ,No Lipschitz constant less than one can work, so need not be a contraction. More generally, differing only in the second input coordinate already prevents a strict contraction whenever has two points.
If has contraction constant , two iterations giveand consequentlyThus is a contraction mapping. The swap lift of a contraction shows why an iterate can contract even when one step does not.
For coordinate differences , the elementary inequalitiesgiveThe identity map between the two versions of the square is bijective, and both it and its inverse are Lipschitz continuous maps by these inequalities. It is therefore a homeomorphism. In fact the same comparison works on all of ; restriction to the square causes no difficulty.
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