Liquid-water precipitation reaching the surface. In a catchment water balance its rate is an input measured as water depth per time; only the part not absorbed or otherwise lost becomes rainfall excess feeding overland flow.
An equilibrium has exponential stability when sufficiently small displacements satisfy an estimate for some .
The two principal meridians have different powers and are perpendicular. A paraxial pencil forms two perpendicular line foci at distinct depths. A cylindrical lens or toric lens can supply the required meridional correction.[ref]
Physiology of Astigmatism by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Regular astigmatism
A simple unital associative algebra is nonzero and has no nonzero proper two-sided ideals. Finite-dimensional complex examples are exactly the full matrix algebras , by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem. A simple associative algebra need not be a division algebra: for it has noninvertible nonzero matrices. Any nonzero two-sided ideal of contains a matrix unit, by multiplying a nonzero entry on the left and right by suitable matrix units, and therefore contains all of them.
Chelicerate arthropods, typically with four adult walking-leg pairs and lacking antennae.
Disease with plaque formation in arterial walls; plaque can restrict flow or provide a site of thrombosis.
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