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Lorraine E. Lisiecki coauthored a global stack of benthic oxygen-isotope records with Maureen E. Raymo. Combining many sediment records helps identify large-scale climate variations while requiring explicit alignment and age-model assumptions.^[ref]

Maureen E. Raymo coauthored a globally distributed benthic oxygen-isotope stack with Lorraine E. Lisiecki. The work provides a common framework for comparing marine climate records through time, connecting local sediment observations with global climate structure.^[ref]

The Pleistocene is the Quaternary epoch preceding the Holocene, approximately $2.58$ to $0.0117$ million years ago.^[ref] Marine oxygen isotope ratios provide evidence of changing ice volume and deep-water temperature across this interval; combining many sediment-core records reduces local noise but still requires an age model.^[ref]

The Pliocene is the younger Neogene epoch, approximately $5.333$ to $2.58$ million years ago.^[ref] It is included in the long marine oxygen isotope ratio stack used to compare earlier ocean conditions with those of the Pleistocene. Aligning records makes their temporal patterns comparable; it does not turn one isotope measurement into a unique independent temperature measurement.^[ref]