Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds by Timothy M. Heckman and others (2000, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 129, 493–516)

The primary survey compares interstellar sodium absorption with galaxy systemic velocities in infrared-bright starbursts. Blueshifts and a viewing-angle dependence support a minor-axis outflow interpretation. Saturation, ionization and geometry limit conversion of the absorption into total mass-loss rates.