The initial table of content was limited to the first level because it is larger than 1000 articles. There are 1859 articles in total. Expand a branch to load its children. Click here to view all children of Physics bibliography as a list.
Special Publication 811, Appendix B.8, conversion factors. Modern metric equivalents corroborate rounded values; they are distinguished from historical calibrations.
National Severe Storms Laboratory explanation of hail growth, updraft support and ice layering. It explicitly rejects treating the layers simply as a record of repeated up-and-down cycles.
National Weather Service training compilation crediting Jeff Haby. The frost sections distinguish deposition from frozen dew and explain why radiatively cooled surfaces may freeze while the standard-height air observation remains above freezing.
National Ocean Service explanation distinguishing fair-weather and tornadic waterspouts.
The sections on haloes and parhelia identify hexagonal ice crystals and the approximately minimum angular scale.
National Meteorological Library and Archive factsheet 16, World Climates. The opening discussion distinguishes climate from a single average and lists the principal geographical and circulation controls.
National Centers for Environmental Information product description and data-access page. The conventional 30-year products include daily, monthly and annual statistics; the reference interval is part of the statistic.
Volume II, chapter VI, §442, contrasts Siméon Denis Poisson's induced molecular magnetization with Wilhelm Eduard Weber's pre-existing molecular magnets. A publisher transcription of that section is available at www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism/webers-theory-of-magnetic-induction/672E4931AABCC94ED48AE9B952B85B48.
By John Lekner. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 468, pp. 2829–2848; published online 23 May 2012. The paper's exact result concerns finite conducting spheres. It is distinct from the leading small-sphere model used in charged conducting sphere in a slowly varying electric field.
By Nicole Fan, Chunhui Zhou and Elina Myagkaya. Published 4 October 2021 in Scientific Reports 11, article 19686. The introduction distinguishes mineral–organic layer interference from surface-groove diffraction; equation 1 gives a repeating-layer interference condition.
Edited by William Crookes. The linked Chatto & Windus reprint is dated 1894. The 1860 edition is separately catalogued by the Biodiversity Heritage Library: www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29969. Lecture VI includes carbon-point electrical light and a heated platinum bridge.
Philosophical Transactions 135, pp. 155–172, with additional remarks on pp. 172–177. The reported cooling bath and alcohol-thermometer limitations occur on printed p. 158. Pressure and temperature readings there are historical experimental indications.
WMO-No. 8, seventh edition. Part I, chapter 3 describes atmospheric-pressure measurement and mercury-barometer corrections.
National Bureau of Standards Monograph 8, issued 20 May 1960. Title-page authors: W. G. Brombacher, D. P. Johnson and J. L. Cross. Sections 5.1–5.3 distinguish adjustable and fixed cisterns; sections 8–10 treat capillarity, temperature and gravity corrections.
Museum inventory 1417, dated 1840, identifies a many-turn fine-wire instrument with Carlo Matteucci's muscle-current research. Its inscription reads “Galvanometro del Matteucci / 1840 / Corrente Muscolare”.
A two-page leaflet hosted on the National Weather Service website. The section “How Lightning Hurts Us” distinguishes electrical, thermal and air-blast mechanisms.
Primary preprint record and full paper. Section 3 defines the Clifford group as the normalizer of the Pauli group; Table 1 gives the generator conjugations used to track Clifford circuits. The preprint was submitted on 1 July 1998 and the conference contribution was published in 1999, preceding the examination.
Official datasheet: Texas Instruments, SCHS032D. Section 8.2 specifies the JK flip-flop state changes. The July 2021 document revision postdates the sitting; it corroborates the established device truth table rather than supplying a later examination convention.
The overview compares wide-field and close Hubble Space Telescope views of the Antennae Galaxies and describes their tidal tails and young star clusters.
The source identifies the Antennae Galaxies, observing instruments, 2.80 by 2.78 arcminute field and image credit ESA/Hubble & NASA. Reuse terms: esahubble.org/copyright/
Publisher DOI. Australian Journal of Physics 18(2), 119–134. Publication identity is also recorded in the author's university thesis addendum. The mathematical acceptance-rule proof is given directly in Barker acceptance probability; no uninspected numbered equation from the historical paper is asserted.
Project report hosted by Camp Stanley Storage Activity: www.stanley.army.mil/Volume1/Volume1-3/AOC65/GSS-Report/Section3.htm
Cited passage: vibratory-source discussion explaining controlled sweeps, ground input and correlation with recorded geophone signals. The source was readable through indexed text; direct page retrieval timed out in the bounded pass. No individual author or publication date is invented.
Cited passages: aircraft laser returns, point-cloud representation and filtering vegetation and structures to construct a bare-earth digital elevation model. No publication date is inferred from the crawl date.
Kalle Kiik and coauthors. Geosciences 10(10), article 417 (2020). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100417
Cited passages: sections 3–6, especially the target-rock magnetic-property model, terrain effects and interpretation of the south–north profile in Figure 4a. The figure is consulted as scientific evidence, not copied into this wiki.
Teaching examples show how total-field magnetic anomalies depend on magnetic inclination, survey direction, geometry and remanent magnetization.
The gravity anomaly section distinguishes free-air correction, simple Bouguer slab correction and complete terrain reduction.
Explains focusing of seismic waves along the direction of finite-source rupture propagation, with illustrated examples.
United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1268. Paul Spudich and coauthors derive a finite-source directivity measure from the distribution of arrival times across a rupturing fault. The explanatory discussion links apparent pulse compression to the rate at which radiation from successive patches reaches a receiver. pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1268/of2004-1268tagged.pdf
The Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center's primary instrument description lists configurable acoustic sources and hydrophone acquisition, including boomer plates, sparkers and complementary chirp sub-bottom profiler equipment. It explains why the equipment configuration is chosen for target materials and imaging depth.
Institutional page headed “How are earthquakes detected, located and measured?”. Its seismic wave table lists typical crustal P and S speeds, and its location discussion explains the use of phase arrival delays. Those generic values are not a measured Swiss velocity model.
Institutional explanation of satellite chlorophyll as a proxy for near-surface phytoplankton.
Institutional teaching material contrasting deep blue-light penetration in clear waters with a shallower photic zone in more productive turbid waters.
NASA/TM-2003-21621/Rev-Vol I, January 2003, Introduction, Background and Conventions. Institutional publication defining spectral radiometric, absorption, scattering and biological ocean-colour variables.
“Normalized Difference Vegetation Index” explains visible absorption, near-infrared leaf scattering and normalized band contrast.
“High Earth Orbit”, “Polar Orbits” and sun-synchronous discussion distinguish geostationary geometry, orbital radius and repeated local-time sampling.
NISAR mission explanation of phase differencing, removal of non-deformation contributions, and half-wavelength displacement per complete fringe.
Primary technical report hosted by the United States Geological Survey. Numbered mapping features 4 and 5, “Active fold scarp” and “Syncline axis corresponding to the base of a fold forelimb”, explain how exposed deformation relates to a buried thrust. Hosting does not imply that every author is employed by the agency.
Institutional record of the 2008 primary study “Dependence of displacement-length scaling relations for fractures and deformation bands on the volumetric changes across them”. Its abstract gives linear scaling for shearing discontinuities under constant driving stress.
12.005 Applications of Continuum Mechanics to Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, spring 2006, Lecture 10. Traction, frictional strength, pore fluid pressure and Mohr circle construction. These notes use a particular sign convention; conversions must preserve it.
The “Response over a buried magnetic dipole” page defines total-field response and gives pole/equator examples. Companion introduction: www.eoas.ubc.ca/courses/eosc350/content/methods/meth_3/home.htm
Sections on rock susceptibility and remanent or permanent magnetization distinguish mineralogical and cultural sources.
P/N 18103-02 Rev. C, 2015. Introduction and field-operation sections describe total-field measurement, magnetic cleanliness and gradient sensitivity.
Sixteen-page scanned official teaching notes: title on PDF p. 1, repeated questions 5–8 on PDF pp. 2–5, handwritten answer pages 1–11 on PDF pp. 6–16. The repeated questions retain code 2775 and printed exam pages 7–10. These notes concern Section II of the combined B1 paper, not Section I. Some requested derivations are replaced by textbook or tutorial pointers.
Cited passages: nuclear-power section describing the 2011 decision and its residual-risk justification, together with the transition strategy. Used for the policy context available before the June 2012 examination, not as a source of the solution's illustrative replacement-generation numbers.
Cited passages: Chapter 8, Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems; Chapter 11, Policy, Financing and Implementation. These supply contemporaneous context for system flexibility and policy instruments. The solution's numerical scale examples are separately stipulated calculations, not quantities asserted to be measured in this report.
Thirteen pages of handwritten worked notes linked from Oxford's Advanced Quantum Mechanics teaching page. Problem 1's pole expansion ends on PDF page 6; Problem 2 starts on page 7. The requested amplitude sketch is absent, and the half-line delta-well amplitude enhancement provides the corresponding explanation.
Instrument overview of FIRAS, describing its differential Michelson interferometer, internal reference and external calibrated blackbody. It reports the absolute cosmic microwave background temperature inferred from the spectral comparison.
Oxford undergraduate lecture notes. The source is distinct from the later quantum-matter notes by the same author. Section 16.2, printed pp. 178–179, describes semiconductor electron and hole transport. The displayed mobility ratio in this draft has a reversed speed-to-field typo; use the stated Drude equations and .
Sections 1–3 state the aim of a systematic moving-system theory and begin from electron-theory field equations; sections 10–11 discuss assumptions about the deformation of moving matter and their optical consequences. This immediate pre-Einstein comparison is explicitly a twentieth-century work, not a nineteenth-century publication.
Introduction and sections II and IV formulate moving-body electromagnetism relative to a stationary ether and introduce transformations of the equations. The 2021 date in the facsimile repository is the digitization date, not the publication date. The source is used to distinguish nineteenth-century ether dynamics from Albert Einstein's 1905 principle-based treatment.
Originally published in Progress in Scientific Culture 1(2), 1976; reprinted in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics. Pages 67–68 discuss the spaceship thread; pages 69–77 develop and interpret a dynamical charged-particle example. The warning about premature philosophizing occurs in note 10 on pages 79–80, after the discussion of replacing a concrete calculation by a general change-of-variables argument. The numerical-computation recommendation there is more specific than a blanket rejection of geometrical explanations.
Authors: Monica Abella and others.
Primary paper: Accuracy of CT-Based Attenuation Correction in PET/CT Bone Imaging. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3353415/
Cited passage: Materials and Methods, piecewise CT-to-511-keV conversion, including the air–water and water–bone mixture interpretation.
Primary paper: Radiological use of fast protons, Radiology 47, 487–491 (1946). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20274616/
Cited passage: rise of specific ionization near the end of the proton range and its proposed therapeutic use.
Cited sections: Fundamental Plasma Parameters and Coulomb Collisions, printed pp. 28–34. Temperature in the practical collision-rate formulas is in eV and density in cubic centimetres; SI conversions must be made explicitly.
Primary paper: Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR, PNAS 100, 10158–10163 (2003). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC193532/
Cited passages: low-temperature microwave-assisted polarization transfer and preservation by rapid dissolution; introduction distinguishing different hyperpolarization routes.
Primary paper: 7T vs. 4T: RF power, homogeneity, and signal-to-noise comparison in head images, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46, 24–30 (2001). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11443707/
Cited passage: direct head-imaging comparison of signal-to-noise gain, RF power and spatial nonuniformity.
Primary paper: The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy, British Journal of Radiology 62, 679–694 (1989). doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-62-740-679
Cited passage: effect-equivalent fractionation and the dependence on tissue-specific .
Primary paper: Flattening of proton dose distributions for large-field radiotherapy, Medical Physics 4, 297–301 (1977). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/407436/
Cited passage: central-profile blocking and rescattering for a broad approximately uniform charged-particle field.
Primary paper: Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner, Medical Physics 25, 2046–2053 (1998). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9800714/
Cited passage: comparison of segmentation, scaling and hybrid conversion of CT attenuation to .
Authored theoretical paper, Astrophysical Journal 669, 1279–1297. The gas-free solid-planet models distinguish broad composition families while illustrating limitations of inference from mass and radius alone.
Equations (5)–(6) give the opposite polarization slopes and relative longitudinal/transverse weights of a spin-one hadronic recoil. This later reference verifies the calculation; its results are not presented as 2015 experimental evidence.
Independent Tevatron observation in dilepton and single-lepton channels.
Independent Tevatron observation using top-pair decay signatures.
Comparison of electron-flavour and total active solar-neutrino flux through charged-current, neutral-current and elastic-scattering channels.
The initial direct tau-neutrino observation in nuclear emulsion; preprint submitted in December 2000.
Prompt charm source and model of tau-flavour flux in the fixed-target experiment.
Four tau-appearance candidates and the significance of the pre-examination result.
Combined accelerator and atmospheric analysis; independent context for the atmospheric splitting, not recovery of a missing examination figure.
The NIST Center for Neutron Research table lists bound coherent and incoherent scattering lengths, cross sections and isotopic abundances, citing the 1992 Neutron News compilation. Natural-element coherent lengths include K fm, Cl fm, Al fm and Si fm. Nuclear contrast is not fixed by the number of atomic electrons.
International Tables, symmetry-relations table for , number 129. It records the full Hermann-Mauguin symbol and origin changes, and includes the orthorhombic subgroup relation. Affine operations for a particular atomic basis still require matching its supplied origin.
The institutional discovery announcement describes the NuSTAR pulsations identifying M82 X-2 as a neutron star, rather than assuming that every ultraluminous X-ray source contains a black hole.
The mass table on page 1 gives the charged-pion rest energy MeV, useful for converting a pion's total energy into its momentum.
Page 1, equation (1), distinguishes the total invisible Z boson width from the partial width of a single active neutrino species. It defines the effective neutrino count through the ratio of these quantities.
Equation (72.1), page 1, gives the leading leptonic pseudoscalar decay width, including the decay constant, quark-mixing element and helicity and threshold factors.
Sections 72.1–72.2 define pseudoscalar decay constants, distinguish radiative effects and discuss independent lattice determinations of needed to extract Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements from weak decay rates.
Pages 1015–1017 describe the nuclear recoil selection, magnetic analysis, resonance-scattered counting and negative neutrino helicity conclusion.
The bulk-parameter table gives the Moon's volumetric mean radius as 1737.4 km and solar irradiance as . It separately lists Bond albedo 0.11 and geometric albedo 0.12; these are different measures of reflection.
Cambridge DAMTP lecture notes, chapter 2, section 2.3.2, Flow Around a Sphere, and section 2.3.3, D'Alembert's Paradox. The cited PDF is the first part of the notes; its contents list other chapters which are not all present in this file.
A tabulation of Ca II configurations, terms, J values and level energies, including the common Ca III ionization limit. It independently verifies the level assignments used for the optical and infrared series.
CERN explains the pickup-and-kicker feedback arrangement, including measurement of sample deviations and downstream electric-field corrections. This operational description distinguishes beam feedback from isolated Hamiltonian focusing.
NASA's Hubble asset description directly relates the storm's circulation direction and hemisphere to its high-pressure character. Its historical size, wind-speed and age estimates are not needed for that inference.
The observatory describes a time sequence of radio images of Galactic microquasar ejecta and explains the apparent faster-than-light separation through apparent superluminal motion of subluminal approaching material. This is an observational example of special relativity applied to emission times and light-travel delays.
The background discussion of Saturn states helium-to-molecular-hydrogen ratios and relates upper-atmosphere helium depletion to settling helium and additional heat. It is evidence for keeping He/H distinct from its reciprocal, not a current precision composition measurement.
Official mission account: a deliberately targeted impact into a permanently shadowed lunar south-polar crater tested for water ice and other trapped volatiles. The Centaur stage and following spacecraft impacted on 9 October 2009.
Primary excerpts, sections 1–14 and 99–100, distinguish mechanical equivalence of heat from constraints on cyclic conversion into work, while explicitly revising the caloric interpretation of Carnot's argument.
The original paper treats quantum measurement through correlations in a unitary relative-state description. Its statistical argument must be distinguished from a postulated dynamical collapse.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory report on Mars orbiter observations of the seasonal regional-storm sequence. The discussion identifies warmer southern spring and summer and perihelion near the end of southern spring. This gives climatological context; a Kelvin-wave dispersion relation alone does not determine a particular storm date.
The cover labels these as solution notes for problems 1 and 2 only. The reproduced held cover identifies A13481W1, 14 June 2017. The official revision page www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/AndreiStarinets/gr_revisions_2023.html advertises the same limited coverage. Reproducing the later questions in the document does not advertise worked answers to them.
Official University of Illinois semiconductor-device lecture slides. Slide 26 distinguishes carrier-counting, conductivity and cyclotron effective masses, and gives the multiple-valley density-of-states effective mass for silicon. This is useful when interpreting a supplied scalar mass in an elementary semiconductor model.
The primary experimental-methods paper's section 4, equation 5, separates powder diffraction multiplicity, squared structure factor, polarization and geometric corrections. Sections 4.1–4.2 explain why powder diffraction intensity corrections depend on the measurement geometry rather than only the crystal structure.
Mission-team announcement, 30 March 2017; argon isotope evidence and solar-driven atmospheric loss.
Mission-team explanation, 9 December 2013; radiometric mineral age versus depositional age.
Primary research presentation by the lunar-core research team, archived by NASA in 2011; Apollo station geometry and layer-radius inversion.
Primary research article, Science 339 (2013), 671–675. The GRAIL analysis constrains lunar crustal thickness.
The teaching PDF below contains a separate gravity-field article followed by only the first page of this article, including its abstract. It is not the full text of this article.
Primary research monograph, arXiv:1703.09735, 2017; inspected abstract on magnetization and low equilibrium temperatures.
Articles were limited to the first 100 out of 1859 total. Click here to view all children of Physics bibliography.

Ancestors (2)

  1. Physics
  2. Home

Incoming links (1)

View article source

Discussion (0) New discussion

There are no discussions about this article yet.

Articles by others on the same topic (1)

Physics bibliography by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Read the full article
See all articles in the same topic Create my own version