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Adenosine deaminase catalyzes conversion of adenosine and water into inosine and ammonia. Its zinc-containing active site activates water and stabilizes the reacting configuration; proton transfers assist addition and leaving-group departure. Mutation kinetics constrain catalytic roles but do not uniquely locate every proton.

Hydrolytic deamination replaces an amino group using water, releasing ammonia or ammonium according to pH. Adenosine deaminase introduces solvent oxygen at the C6 position of adenosine.