Inference of characters at ancestral nodes from observed relatives and an evolutionary model. Historical hypotheses should carry uncertainty in trees, rates, character coding and root states into subsequent tests.
The inferred ancestral or derived status of a character state relative to a particular comparison. A state can be derived at one node and ancestral at another.
Sampling evolutionary character histories conditional on observations, a tree and transition assumptions. Histories can include multiple unobserved events along a branch, rather than only changes implied by endpoints.

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