For independent Brownian motions , the strong law for Brownian motion makes finite almost surely, so bracket localization gives an almost sure limit of the stochastic integral. The arctangent transform of a two-noise affine diffusion and endpoint convergence of a bounded angle diffusion identify its distribution function as . Conditional Gaussianity rules out atoms.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2015 iii Paper 30 5 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Put and . The Itô formula gives . The independence of the two Brownian motions gives , so the product formula yieldsFor , and . The drift terms cancel in the Itô formula:Define the rotated stochastic integralIt is a continuous local martingale withThe Lévy characterization of Brownian motion makes a Brownian motion. Since and ,This is the arctangent transform of a two-noise affine diffusion.