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Write the plate area as $S$ and separation as $d$, so the original capacitance is $C={\epsilon }_{0}S/d$. Neglect edge fields. The greatest capacitance occurs when each material occupies half the plate area and spans the full separation. These two regions are capacitors in parallel, sharing the same electric potential difference:The least capacitance occurs when a dielectric layer of thickness $d/2$ covers the whole area, leaving a vacuum layer of the same thickness. The two layers are capacitors in series: the normal electric displacement field is continuous and the voltage drops add. Their individual capacitances are $2ϵC$ and $2C$, givingThe arithmetic-harmonic bounds for dielectric capacitance show that these are genuine extrema over other arrangements of the same two volumes, within the ideal parallel-plate model. A uniform trial electric field in the fixed-voltage energy principle bounds $C$ above by the arithmetic mean of the two permittivities; a uniform trial electric displacement field in the fixed-charge principle bounds it below by their harmonic mean. The two layer arrangements attain those bounds. Both reduce to $C$ when $ϵ=1$.