Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 138 2 a Solution 2026-10-03
Let be a p-regular element. Its eigenvalues on are roots of unity of order prime to . If are their Teichmuller lifts to characteristic-zero roots of unity, the Brauer character isIt depends only on the conjugacy class of , is additive in short exact sequences, and equals the restriction of an ordinary character whenever the representation lifts.
For linear independence, choose a splitting p-modular system and let be the projective cover of the simple module . A projective lattice lifting has an ordinary character that vanishes on p-singular elements. Reduction and ordinary character orthogonality givebecause is the head of . Pairing a relation with every yields for every . HenceThis is the linear-independence part of the Brauer–Nesbitt theorem.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 138 5 c i Solution 2026-10-03
Only the classes are 2-regular. The trivial module and the natural three-dimensional module are simple; the dual natural module gives the conjugate three-dimensional character. Restricting the ordinary characters to the odd-order classes and using produces the fourth simple character of degree eight. The Brauer character table isThe ordinary degree-eight character restricts exactly to . Since its degree contains the full 2-part of , this simple module is projective and its singleton block has defect zero. Thus
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 138 6 c Solution 2026-10-03
The decomposition matrix separates into two connected components. The first contains and ; it is the principal block . The second contains only and ; since contains the full 5-part of , this is a defect-zero representation and its block has defect group .
The defect group of the principal block is a Sylow 5-subgroup . There are six Sylow 5-subgroups in , so the orbit-stabilizer theorem givesThe centralizer of a 5-cycle in is , and an involution in the normalizer acts on by inversion. HenceIn characteristic five the simple -modules are inflated from : their Brauer characters are and on the identity and involution classes. If are the two one-dimensional and two two-dimensional ordinary characters of , their reductions areThe resulting decomposition matrix is connected, so these characters form the unique 5-block of , with defect group . By the Brauer first main theorem,This is the complete 5-modular blocks of A5 correspondence.