A causal null hypothesis states that an intervention has no effect on a specified potential-outcome contrast. A sharp causal null sets every unit's treated and untreated potential outcomes equal; an average causal null sets their population mean difference to zero.
A structural zero is an outcome value fixed at zero by the data-generating mechanism under a specified intervention or condition, rather than a zero arising by chance.

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  1. Causal effect
  2. Potential outcome
  3. Potential outcomes framework
  4. Causal inference
  5. Probability and statistics
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