Use natural units and invariant squared center-of-mass energy . For a massless incident neutrino and an initially stationary electron,At the production threshold the final massless neutrino can have arbitrarily small center-of-mass energy, so the lower endpoint is . The charged-current neutrino-electron threshold is consequentlyFor the three flavours, using precisely the masses given in this part, the answers are for , for , and for . The zero threshold for the electron flavour is an infimum for elastic scattering; it does not imply a nonzero interaction rate at zero incident energy. The large heavy-lepton thresholds arise because most laboratory energy becomes center-of-mass motion against a very light target.