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Chris A. Michaels coauthored analysis of stress measurements in alumina using optical fluorescence. Changes in spectral position provide information about a mechanically stressed material through a calibrated optical response.

The conversion from a line shift to stress requires a model of the spectral response and the measured geometry. It is an inference from spectroscopy rather than direct observation of a force.^[ref]

A chemist working on microscopy and spectroscopy.^[ref]