Force

A force is an interaction that changes momentum; in Newtonian mechanics it satisfies

F = ma

for constant mass.

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Coefficient of static friction ( $μ_{s}$ )

 0  0

The static friction force at impending sliding has magnitude

μ_{s}

times the normal contact force. In a simple grain model this coefficient represents resistance to downstream motion; the model excludes lift and detailed contact torques.

Force balance

 0  0

Force balance equates the rate of change of momentum to the sum of applied forces. A static continuum segment with internal resultant

F (s)

and force density

f (s)

obeys

\partial_{s} F + f = 0

Newton's first law

 0  0

In an inertial frame, a body subject to no net force remains at rest or moves with constant velocity.

Newton's second law

 0  0

The net force equals the time derivative of momentum; for constant mass,

F = ma

Newton's third law

 0  0

For an isolated pair of particles, the force of particle 1 on particle 2 is equal and opposite to the force of particle 2 on particle 1.

Normal force

 1  0

A normal force is a contact force perpendicular to the constraining surface.

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Force is a fundamental concept in physics that refers to an interaction that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, direction, or shape. It can be thought of as a push or pull applied to an object. Force is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude and direction.

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