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If ${\theta }_r$ have circular spacing at least $\delta$, thenMultiply the exponential sum by $e(-Mt)$, apply the Sobolev–Gallagher inequality on disjoint arcs of length $\delta$, and sum. The finite-interval Parseval identities and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality bound the derivative contribution by $2\pi N\sum |a_n{|}^2$.

The points are $\delta$-spaced if their circular spacing satisfies $\Vert {\theta }_r-{\theta }_s\Vert \ge \delta$ for $r\ne s$, where $\Vert t\Vert$ is distance to the nearest integer. Ordinary distance on the real line would be insufficient because the complex exponential is periodic.

Let $S(t)={\sum }_{M<n\le M+N}{a}_{n}e(nt)$ and $F(t)=e(-Mt)S(t)$. Multiplication by this unit-modulus factor leaves $|S(t)|$ unchanged and places the frequencies of $F$ in $1,\dots ,N$. Put $E=\sum |a_n{|}^2$. The permitted Sobolev–Gallagher inequality, in the form needed here, isFor $0<\delta \le 1$, the arcs about the ${\theta }_r$ have disjoint interiors on the circle group. Summing and applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality givesThe Cauchy-Schwarz inequality here follows by expanding $0\le \int |u-cv{|}^2$ and minimizing over $c\in \mathbb{C}$. For completeness, the finite-interval Parseval identities follow by expanding the squares: ${\int }_0^{1}e(kt)dt$ is one at $k=0$ and zero at every other integer $k$. Thus $\int |F{|}^2=E$ and $\int |F\prime {|}^2\le 4{\pi }^2{N}^{2}E$. We obtain the exponential-sum large sieve boundIf $\delta >1$, there is at most one point, and the direct Cauchy-Schwarz inequality bound $|S{|}^2\le NE$ proves the same assertion.

For a fixed prime $p\in [P,2P]$, the grid $a/p$ has circular spacing $1/p\ge 1/(2P)$. Consequently an arc of length $\Delta =1/P$ contains at most three points of this grid, including endpoints. The standard Chebyshev estimate $\pi (t)\ll t/\log t$ for the prime-counting function givesSince $N\le P$, the local-multiplicity large sieve yields the prime-denominator large sieve:By contrast, distinct reduced fractions with denominators at most $2P$ have circular distance at least $1/(4P^2)$: their difference, even after subtraction of an integer, has a nonzero integer numerator over denominator $pp\prime$. Applying part (a) alone gives only $(4P^2+2\pi N)E\ll P^{2}E$. The local-multiplicity argument saves a factor of $\log P$.

For coefficients $b_n$ supported on an interval of $H$ consecutive integers, set $B=\sum b_n$ and $B_p(a)={\sum }_{n\equiv a(\mathrm{mod}p)}{b}_n$. ThenThe orthogonality of roots of unity gives $p{\sum }_a|B_p(a)-B/p{|}^2={\sum }_{r=1}^{p-1}|{\sum }_n{b}_{n}e(rn/p){|}^2$. The distinct fractions $r/p$ have circular spacing at least $Q^{-2}$; now apply the exponential-sum large sieve.