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Clarence Zener introduced double exchange to connect electrical conduction with ferromagnetism in mixed-valence manganese compounds. In this mechanism, carrier motion and the alignment of local spins influence one another: the magnetic arrangement changes how effectively an electron can move, and the resulting change in electronic energy can favor aligned spins. His 1951 treatment of manganese compounds with a perovskite crystal structure sought to explain why conduction and ferromagnetic ordering occur together. It links magnetic order to carrier motion rather than treating conductivity and magnetism as unrelated properties.^[ref]

His work on double exchange connected carrier motion with ferromagnetism in mixed-valence materials. Carnegie Mellon preserves his research papers: findingaids.library.cmu.edu/repositories/2/resources/93.