Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 71 4 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Assume and impose upward group velocity in . The two positive-frequency components then have wave vectors and with . Equal lengths are automatic, and orthogonality gives . HenceThe given orthogonal-wave condition is therefore possible only at this forcing frequency. The upward radiation condition excludes the branch.
Use superposition with vertical amplitude in each component and internal-wave polarization:The two sets of crests have slopes and ; their energy propagates upward and outward at angles of , while their phases travel downward. Their interference makes fixed horizontal bands of vertical-velocity nodes, at , and horizontal-velocity nodes, at .
Put , . The first-order displacement relative to mean parcel labels isThe horizontal displacement correction vanishes identically, whileConsequently the formal cross-wave Stokes drift isIt has alternating downward and upward columns, no depth decay in this ideal infinite plane-wave field, and zero horizontal-period-averaged vertical transport. Each wave alone has zero drift; the interference terms create this result.
This calculation is a kinematic second-order consequence of the linear field, not a complete prediction of mean transport. In particular, an impermeable oscillating lower boundary cannot have that nonzero mean normal parcel velocity. Its first-order displacement is . Expanding the exact kinematic boundary condition on givesThis Eulerian mean velocity cancels the computed normal Stokes drift at the material boundary. Away from it, the second-order mean-flow and buoyancy equations must also be satisfied. Thus the alternating drift is a valid formal cross-wave effect, but treating it alone as persistent transport with zero Eulerian mean would be physically incomplete. A prescribed permeable boundary would require its own second-order flux specification instead.