Past exam of the theoretical physics I course of the University of Cambridge 2022 3 g Solution 2026-10-18
For a homogeneous saddle-point approximation define . With the cubic source coupling, minimizing the Landau free energy givesIts curvature is positive, so there is a unique local minimum and global minimum. The solution near hasbecause substituting this leading term makes the cubic self-interaction of order . Therefore the cubic source coupling and third-order susceptibility giveThus the first nonzero response diverges like from above. The factor is essential: the coefficient of is not itself the third derivative. This is susceptibility to the specified cubic source variable, rather than the usual third-order response to a linearly coupled field.