Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 66 2 iv Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
An empty universe with has . The present Friedmann equation then requires , soThe Friedmann acceleration equation gives , hence after choosing its zero at , andThis is the Milne universe. A larger past Hubble parameter does not require negative : even constant produces . Equivalently, deceleration parameter from the Hubble derivative gives . The age is .