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The achievement depended on complementary ways to organize the same physics. In his Nobel lecture, delivered in 1966 for the 1965 prize, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga described covariant contact transformations and replacing the unobservable bare mass and electric charge by experimental values. He also credited Julian Seymour Schwinger's magnetic-moment work and Richard Feynman's methods for extending the approximation.^[ref]

Richard Feynman's 1965 lecture traced his spacetime and path integral viewpoint and the Feynman diagrams that made perturbation theory easier to organize. He emphasized that the path integral viewpoint helped him find expressions without being essential to every calculation. These accounts support shared credit for workable renormalized QED, not attribution of the whole theory to a single person.^[ref]

Shin'ichirō Tomonaga developed a relativistically consistent formulation of quantum electrodynamics and a method of renormalization. The physical problem was that naive corrections to an electron's interaction with the electromagnetic field produced divergent intermediate expressions. Relating the theory's parameters to measured mass and electric charge allowed finite predictions to be extracted. His own recollections explain how the relativistic formulation and the treatment of those divergences developed into a calculable quantum theory.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]