Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 ib Paper 3 9H Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Write for the quantity denoted in the question, to distinguish it from the random-walk increments. Absorption at zero at time zero gives , and starting at gives . For , condition on the first step and use independence of the remaining increments. That step contributes one factor of , so the discounted gambler's ruin hitting probability satisfiesThe absorption time is finite almost surely: in each block of steps there is a probability bounded below by a positive constant of reaching a boundary by successive steps in one direction.
Trying gives , with rootsThey are positive and distinct because and . Hence the general solution is . Enforcing both boundary values givesThis includes the unbiased walk without a special limiting case, since the discount keeps the roots distinct. For uniqueness, a difference of two solutions has zero boundary values and its largest absolute value satisfies if attained in the interior. Since , .