Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 ia Paper 3 11C a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-07
Use the Einstein summation convention and the contraction of two Levi-Civita symbols. For the first cross product term,The last term cancels . Interchanging gives the analogous cancellation with . The surviving terms are by the product rule. This proves the dot-product gradient identityThe proof only requires continuously differentiable vector fields; neither field needs to be an irrotational vector field.