An atmospheric flux method using covariance of rapid vertical-velocity and concentration fluctuations. Its footprint and transport assumptions matter; the measured exchange is not automatically a complete budget including harvested or dissolved exports.
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Eddy covariance is a technique used to measure and analyze the exchange of gases (such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other trace gases) between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, particularly in ecosystems. It relies on the principles of turbulence and fluid dynamics to assess how much gas is being absorbed or released by vegetation, soil, or bodies of water.