Representing an agent's belief as differing from reality and predicting action accordingly. False belief, ignorance and a correct remembered location require different controls.
An emergence account assigns a capacity such as language or executive control a role in constructing understanding of belief over development. An expression account assigns it a role in accessing and displaying already available understanding. The same observed correlation is compatible with both. Immediate task-demand manipulations primarily probe expression; lasting transfer from a controlled intervention can constrain emergence, provided strategy and practice explanations are addressed.
A task testing how an agent will act or respond when its representation differs from the actual state of affairs. Unexpected-transfer tasks contrast the location an agent witnessed with a subsequent displacement it did not witness; comprehension controls and response demands affect interpretation.[ref]
Beliefs about beliefs by Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner. Cognition 13, 103–128; unexpected-transfer stories
Language interpretation, memory, inhibitory control, response generation and other demands affecting the observed answer. Lowering concurrent demands while preserving the mistaken-belief contrast can reveal successful performance earlier than a standard task. The modified procedure still needs controls against cueing and simplified nonmental strategies.[ref]
Two-and-a-half-year-olds succeed at a traditional false-belief task with reduced processing demands by Peipei Setoh and others. PNAS 113, 13360–13365; Experiments 1–4 and picture-book apparatus
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