For bound Kepler orbits with gravitational parameter , integrating the Delaunay variables over , and their three full angle periods gives the displayed population. A globally defined thermal eccentricity distribution requires this integral to converge, or an explicit finite action range. Merely having finite at every energy does not suffice: yields an infinite integral at large . At each fixed energy, or on every finite normalized action band, the cumulative eccentricity fraction remains .
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