Heat-carrying fluid motion dominated by an externally imposed flow or shear. Buoyancy may still influence it; forced and free contributions can coexist. In surface-layer scaling, is predominantly shear-driven, while is predominantly buoyancy-driven for lower-boundary heating.

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Forced convection is a heat transfer process that occurs when a fluid (liquid or gas) is forced to flow over a surface or through a medium, typically by mechanical means such as a fan, pump, or blower. This flow enhances the heat transfer between the fluid and the surface because it increases the fluid velocity, which in turn enhances the convection heat transfer coefficient.