Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 iii Paper 14 5 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Both relators have zero exponent sums, so abelianization gives , with meridian variables corresponding to . The universal abelian cover has deck transformation group and coefficient group ringThe generalized Heegaard diagram gives a two-dimensional spine with one vertex, three edges and two faces. Its lifted cellular chain complex iswhere chosen lifts of the cells giveThe two columns are the abelianized Fox derivatives of and . The Fox calculus identity gives ; this can also be checked by multiplying the displayed matrices. There is no three-cell in this spine. One may use the lifted spine because its deformation retraction from lifts to the universal abelian cover.
The maximal minors of the Alexander matrix, in row-pair order , areTheir greatest common divisor in is , since have no common nonunit divisor. Accordingly the multivariable Alexander polynomial isThe allowed units are . The single-variable specialization convention can introduce extra factors; the answer here is the genuinely multivariable Alexander polynomial.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 3 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Keep all four relators and all five generators, in the orders and . Under abelianization, these generators become . The Fox calculus rules areFor example, gives the nonzero Fox derivative entries , , , in columns , respectively. After abelianization these are . The full Alexander matrix isThe Fox calculus identity supplies a useful check:Deleting the column, adjacent to the unbounded region across the marked meridian of a knot, givesThus is a representative of the Alexander polynomial of a knot of the figure-eight knot, with its customary ambiguity of multiplication by .