For every nonidentity element of a free group action on , its action map has no fixed point and hence degree minus one by fixed-point-free sphere maps are homotopic to the antipodal map. Degree of homeomorphisms defines a homomorphism into , whose kernel is trivial, since no nonidentity action map can have degree one. Thus the acting group has order at most two. For , freeness on its two points gives the same conclusion directly.
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