G-delta set 2026-10-06
A G-delta set is a countable intersection of open subsets of a topological space. In a complete metric space these are precisely the topologically complete subspaces, by the G-delta criterion for topological completeness.
A subspace is topologically complete if its subspace topology is induced by some complete metric. The compatible complete metric need not be the restriction of the displayed ambient metric. For example, an open interval is topologically complete although its usual metric is incomplete.
Suppose is a compatible complete metric on . For each and , choose an ambient open set containing , contained in , and with -diameter of at most . Such sets exist because the two topologies on agree. Put . Clearly .
If , choose with . Then , so in the ambient metric. For fixed , the point belongs to some open , and eventually all belong to this set. Their pairwise -distances are then at most . Hence is -Cauchy, and completeness gives a limit . Compatibility gives , forcing . Thus
This proves the G-delta criterion for topological completeness in the required direction.
The converse is true in a complete metric ambient space. If with each open in complete , define , omitting any term whose complement is empty. A compatible complete metric on is
Continuity of each and the uniformly small series tail show that has the original topology. A -Cauchy sequence is -Cauchy, hence converges to some . For each , its real coordinates form a Cauchy sequence and remain bounded. Since distance to a closed set is continuous, , so for every . The same coordinate convergence and series-tail argument give convergence in . Thus is complete.
For the normed-space claim, embed densely in its norm completion . Topological completeness and the preceding criterion make a dense G-delta set in , hence comeagre. Every translate is also comeagre. The Baire category theorem in the complete space implies that is nonempty. If lies in that intersection, then . This holds for every , so
This is the comeagre subgroup completeness argument.
Finally let with its weak-star topology. Put and . The dual norm is the supremum of the continuous evaluation moduli on the unit ball of , so every is relatively closed. Also .
Each has empty relative interior. Given and a basic weak-star neighborhood restricting finitely many evaluations on , the Hahn-Banach theorem gives a nonzero functional annihilating their finite-dimensional span, because is infinite-dimensional. All retain those evaluations. Their norm varies continuously with and becomes unbounded; choose so that . This point lies in the neighborhood inside but outside . Thus is a nonempty countable union of relatively closed nowhere dense sets and is not a Baire space. Consequently
This weak-star open dual ball category obstruction works without assuming that is separable or that the weak-star ball is metrizable.