Flux homomorphism 2026-09-24
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 146 2 iii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
LetFor any sufficiently small nonzero , translationis a symplectic isotopy with . Choosing arbitrarily small makes the isotopy arbitrarily small in every norm.
This isotopy has nonzero flux homomorphism, represented by . In contrast, every Hamiltonian isotopy has zero flux. If a Hamiltonian image were disjoint from , the two homologous essential circles would bound an annulus , and evaluation of the flux on would equal the signed symplectic areawhich is nonzero. This contradicts vanishing Hamiltonian flux, so is not Hamiltonian displaceable.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 146 2 iv Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Again take a symplectic two-sphere, but let be a small latitude bounding a cap of area strictly below half the total area. A rotation carrying that cap to a disjoint cap carries to a disjoint Lagrangian circle. Rotations of the symplectic sphere are flows of Hamiltonian vector fields; for rotation about an axis, a height function is a Hamiltonian function. Thus this rotation is a Hamiltonian isotopy, and is Hamiltonian displaceable.