The linear free-energy relation . The substituent constant measures electronic character and the reaction constant measures its kinetic sensitivity.
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The Hammett equation is a mathematical expression used in physical organic chemistry to relate reaction rates and equilibrium constants of reactions involving substituted aromatic compounds to the electronic effects of the substituents. It provides a quantitative measure of how substituents (such as -NO2, -Cl, -CH3, etc.) influence the reactivity of the aromatic compound in electrophilic or nucleophilic reactions.