A direction-dependent acoustic transfer function from an external source to one ear, including effects of the head, pinna and torso under stated measurement conditions. Individual geometry changes the spectral cues. A pair of such functions predicts binaural signals for a known source; inferring direction from unknown sounds is a harder inverse problem.
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The Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) is a mathematical representation that describes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space. It encompasses the filtering effect that the shape of the head, outer ears (pinnae), and torso have on sound waves before they reach the eardrum. HRTFs play a crucial role in spatial hearing, allowing individuals to perceive the direction and distance of sound sources.