Past exam of the chemistry A course of the University of Cambridge 2021 Paper 1 A5 b iv Solution 2026-10-20
Use the stipulated common Hückel Coulomb parameter , an equal Hückel resonance integral along each cube edge, and zero coupling elsewhere; take an orthonormal site basis. Each lithium vertex has three sodium neighbors. The totally symmetric combinations therefore have the blockFor a coordinate-like combination, the sum of the three neighboring sodium coordinate signs equals the lithium coordinate sign. Thus each of the three equivalent blocks isTheir eigenvalues give the cube nearest-neighbour Hückel model:For the bonding convention these are in increasing energy order, with statistical weights . The eight valence electrons occupy , filling the four bonding spatial molecular orbitals. Their total one-electron energy is . This is a deliberately simplified model: unequal atomic energies or unequal overlaps require a generalized calculation.
An effective one-electron Hückel method operator may be writtenThe first term is one-electron kinetic energy. The effective site potentials represent attraction to the nuclei and any averaged screening implicit in the chosen parametrization. They replace the explicit many-electron interaction; they do not contain a coordinate-dependent two-electron operator .
For normalized hydrogen-centred orbitals, symmetry givesThe Hückel Coulomb parameter is an on-site one-electron energy, not the electron–electron Coulomb repulsion integral. The Hückel resonance integral couples the sites; with the usual same-phase atomic-orbital convention it is negative and stabilizes the bonding combination. For zero overlap, the two energies are .
Use negative bonding Hückel resonance integrals, and . The oxygen HOMO is pi-antibonding, whereas the ethene HOMO is pi-bonding. The frozen-orbital Koopmans estimate therefore givesConsequently and . These Hückel Coulomb parameters are effective parameters of this spectroscopically calibrated model. Real ionization energies include relaxation and correlation, so they are not exact matrix elements of an isolated-atom Hamiltonian.
