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Intergroup bias is a systematic difference in judgments, feelings or behavior toward people associated with different social groups. It can favor an ingroup, disadvantage an outgroup or combine both tendencies. Social categorization identifies the grouping; intergroup bias concerns an asymmetric evaluation or response, so group membership alone does not establish bias.

For an original measurement example, present otherwise matched descriptions with different group labels and compare resource allocations or evaluations. The comparison must specify the relevant equal-treatment baseline and control information that could independently affect the decision. A judgment task and an allocation task can reveal different aspects of the response.

Research on intergroup contact asks when interaction changes these outcomes. Thomas F. Pettigrew and collaborators' original meta-analysis combined evidence across many studies and examined the relation between contact and prejudice. Such a synthesis does not make every included association a randomized causal effect; study design and the conditions of contact remain part of the interpretation.^[ref]

A social psychologist who compared approaches to reducing prejudice through group identity. Experiments manipulated the salience of subgroup differences and an overarching common identity. This allows tests of whether recognizing distinct subgroup identities within a shared group changes intergroup bias, rather than assuming that all subgroup distinctions must disappear.^[ref]

Samuel L. Gaertner studied intergroup bias and the common ingroup identity model. Comparing representations of one group, two groups or separate individuals tests how group boundaries influence evaluation. The manipulation concerns how people categorize a situation, rather than assuming that changing a group label removes every source of prejudice. ^[ref]