Representing people as members of socially meaningful classes. Social categorization can organize expectations and identity; a category label alone does not determine whether its consequences are inclusive or prejudicial.
An arrangement in which group boundaries on different dimensions do not coincide. A former outgroup member may share another valued identity with the observer. This can soften a single division, but need not eliminate exclusion of people outside both categories.
Changing the category structure through which people represent an interaction, for example by replacing two opposed groups with one inclusive group. Recategorization should be assessed through perceived membership and behavior rather than inferred from labels alone.
An account of prejudice reduction in which former outgroup members become included in a common ingroup. The proposed mechanism extends favorable ingroup responses across a previous boundary. Whether the common identity recognizes or suppresses subgroup identity is a substantive boundary condition.
Reducing the relevance of a group boundary by individuating interaction partners. A central limitation is generalization: liking a particular person need not change prejudice toward other members of that person's outgroup.
More favorable evaluation or treatment of an ingroup than an outgroup. It should be distinguished from absolute hostility toward an outgroup and measured separately from consequential discrimination.
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