Let a finite group act smoothly on a smooth manifold, and suppose that a -invariant differential form is an exact differential form, say . Averaging gives the invariant primitive
If the action is free, invariant forms descend uniquely through the resulting covering map.
For the double covering and the antipodal map , every pulled-back top form satisfies . Since , its integral over the sphere is its own negative and hence vanishes. It is therefore exact on the sphere. Averaging a primitive under and descending it proves that is exact on real projective space.

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